Lucas McGeorge, Annette Kin. MITOCHONDRIA: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Phospholipid are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes.

Ångström is a unit of length equal to 10^-10 m or 0.1 nanometre.

Porins are beta barrel proteins that cross a cellular membrane and act as a pore, through which molecules can diffuse.

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.

Long-chain-fatty-acid - CoA ligase is an enzyme of the ligase family that activates the breakdown of complex fatty acids.

Kynurenine is synthesized by the enzyme tryptophan dioxygenase, which is made primarily but not exclusively in the liver, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which is made in many tissues in response to immune activation.

Hydroxylation is a chemical process that introduces a hydroxyl group into an organic compound.

L-Monoamine oxidase are a family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of monoamines.

Epinephrine is an enzyme of the ligase family that activates the breakdown of complex fatty acids.

Redox titration is a type of titration based on a redox reaction between the analyte and titrant.

Tryptophan is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

Oxidative phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing energy which is used to produce adenosine triphosphate.

Metabolite are the intermediates and products of metabolism.

Peptide are natural biological or artificially manufactured short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds.

Cardiolipin is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid composition.

Ewok are a fictional race of small, mammaloid bipeds that appear in the Star Wars universe.

Tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ.

NADH is a coenzyme found in all living cells.

Pyruvate is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group.

Cytosol is the liquid found inside cells.

Anaerobic means "living, active, occurring, or existing in the absence of free oxygen".

Fermentation is a metabolic process that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen.

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C₆H₁₂O₆, into pyruvate, CH₃COCOO⁻ + H⁺.

ReyTP is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed by English actress Daisy Ridley.

Adenosine diphosphate is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells.

Acetyl-CoA is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.

Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas with a density about 50% higher than that of dry air.

Anaplerotic reactions are chemical reactions that form intermediates of a metabolic pathway.

Oxaloacetic acid is a crystalline organic compound with the chemical formula HO₂CC(O)CH₂CO₂H.

Fumaric acid is the chemical compound with the formula HO₂CCH=CHCO₂H.

Citric acid is a weak organic tricarboxylic acid having the chemical formula C₆H₈O₇.

Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid is one of two ketone derivatives of glutaric acid.

Isocitric acid is a structural isomer of citric acid.

Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates.

Lactic acid is an organic compound with the formula CH₃CH(OH)COOH.

Deamination is the removal of an amino group from a molecule.

Alanine is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas.

MELAS syndrome is one of the family of mitochondrial cytopathies, which also include MERRF, and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.

Lightsaber is a fictional energy sword featured in the Star Wars universe.

Optic neuropathy refers to damage to the optic nerve due to any cause.

Zygote is a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes.

Ovum is the female reproductive cell in oogamous organisms.

Kylo Ren is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise.

Myoclonic epilepsy refers to a family of epilepsies that present with myoclonus.

Jar Jar Binks is a fictional character from the Star Wars saga created by George Lucas.

Yoda is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas,

Ataxia is a neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements that includes gait abnormality.

Hereditary spastic paraplegia is a group of inherited diseases whose main feature is a progressive gait disorder.

Wookiees are a fictional species of intelligent bipeds from the planet Kashyyyk in the Star Wars universe.

Barth syndrome is an X-linked genetic disorder.

Coenzyme Q₁₀ is a coenzyme that is ubiquitous in animals and most bacteria.

Etiology is the study of causation, or origination.

Dementia is a broad category of brain diseases that cause a long-term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember that is great enough to affect a person's daily functioning.

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a medical condition characterized by long-term fatigue and other symptoms that limit a person's ability to carry out ordinary daily activities.

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.

Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetic disorder of the eyes that causes loss of vision.

Manic depression is a mental disorder that causes periods of depression and periods of elevated mood.

Cardiomyopathy is a group of diseases that affect the heart muscle.

Cardiomyocyte are the muscle cells (myocytes) that make up the cardiac muscle.

The Sith are major antagonists in the space opera Star Wars.

Reactive oxygen species are chemically reactive chemical species containing oxygen.